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maintenance respiration
Maintenance respiration (or maintenance energy) refers to metabolism occurring in an organism that is needed to maintain that organism in a healthy, living state. It is distinguished from growth respiration.
== In plants ==
Maintenance respiration in plants refers to the carbon dioxide (CO2) released, or oxygen (O2) consumed, during the generation of usable energy (mainly ATP, NADPH, and NADH) and metabolic intermediates used for (i) resynthesis of compounds that undergo renewal (turnover) in the normal process of metabolism (examples are enzymatic proteins, ribonucleic acids, and membrane lipids); (ii) maintenance of chemical gradients of ions and metabolites across cellular membranes that are necessary for cellular integrity and plant health; and (iii) operation of metabolic processes involved in physiological adjustment (i.e., acclimation) to a change in the plant's environment.〔Penning de Vries FWT (1975). "The cost of maintenance processes in plant cells", ''Annals of Botany'', 39:77-92.〕〔Lambers H, Szaniawski RK, de Visser R (1983). "Respiration for growth, maintenance and ion uptake. An evaluation of concepts, methods, values and their significance", ''Physiologia Plantarum'', 58:556-563.〕〔Amthor JS (2000). "The McCree--de Wit--Penning de Vries--Thornley Respiration Paradigms: 30 Years Later", ''Annals of Botany'', 86:1-20.〕 The metabolic costs of the repair of injury from biotic or abiotic stress may also be considered a part of maintenance respiration.〔
Maintenance respiration is essential for biological health and growth of plants. It is estimated that about half of the respiration carried out by terrestrial plants during their lifetime is for the support of maintenance processes.〔Amthor JS (1989). ''Respiration and Crop Productivity'', Springer-Verlag.〕 Because typically more than half of global terrestrial plant photosynthesis (or gross primary production) is used for plant respiration,〔 more than one quarter of global terrestrial plant photosynthesis is presumably consumed in maintenance respiration.
Maintenance respiration is a key component of most physiologically based mathematical models of plant growth, including models of crop growth and yield and models of ecosystem primary production and carbon balance.〔Canell MGR, Thornley JHM (2000) "Modelling the components of plant respiration: some guiding principles". ''Annals of Botany'' 85:45-54.〕〔Amthor JS, and 12 others (2001). "Boreal forest CO2 exchange and evapotranspiration predicted by nine ecosystem process models: intermodel comparisons and relationships to field measurements". ''Journal of Geophysical Research'' 106:33,623-33,648.〕〔Thornley JHM, France J (2007). ''Mathematical Models in Agriculture'', CABI, Wallingford, UK.〕
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